Słowa kluczowe
ICE
Security
Kategorie
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
The article analyzes the origins, structure, and contemporary role of the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) as one of the key components of the United States ' internal security system. The establishment of this agency was directly related to the institutional reforms introduced after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The study presents the genesis of ICE, the scope of its competencies, and the tasks performed by its main organizational units.
Bibliografia
Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2026). United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Pobrano 19 marca 2026 z: https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-States-Immigration-and-Customs-Enforcement
Legal Information Institute. (2023). Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Pobrano 19 marca 2026 z: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/immigration_and_customs_enforcement_(ice)
Migration Policy Institute. (2021). Biden’s immigration enforcement priorities. Pobrano 19 marca 2026 z: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/biden-immigration-enforcement-priorities
U.S. Diversity Dynamics. (b.d.). National and global perspectives. Pobrano 19 marca 2026 z: http://www.usdiversitydynamics.com/nj/id28.html
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. (b.d.). Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO). U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Pobrano 19 marca 2026 z: https://www.ice.gov/ero
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. (b.d.). Homeland Security Investigations (HSI). U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Pobrano 19 marca 2026 z: https://www.ice.gov/hsi
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. (b.d.). Management and Administration (M&A). U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Pobrano 19 marca 2026 z: https://www.ice.gov/management-administration
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. (b.d.). OPLA: Enforcement and Litigation (E&L). U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Pobrano 19 marca 2026 z: https://www.ice.gov/opla
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Zbigniew Małodobry, Izabela Fornal, Wojciech Jakubiec